Benefits from Social Capital and Entrepreneurship Enhancement Benefits from Social Capital and Entrepreneurship Enhancement
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Abstract
This study employed Multiple Correspondence Analyses to construct a social capital index and verified its relationship with entrepreneurship enhancement through Probit model correcting for endogeneity using the Cameroon household consumption survey in Stata. The results indicate that benefits from social capital is strongly correlated with entrepreneurship enhancement, while result by gender of household head, shows that entrepreneurship promotion is stronger among the female as compare to the male counterparts. The same applies for the rural than urban businessmen. We suggest that support policies by donors should be granted to useful associations, and that the government should invest in social capital either directly or indirectly by creating an environment friendly to the emergence of local associations.
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References
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Asselin L and Tuan V (2005). forthcoming, Multidimensional Poverty and Multiple Correspondance Analysis, in N. Kakwani and J. Silber, Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, London, Palgrave-Macmillan.
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Baker, T., and Nelson, R. (2005). “Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 329-366.
BCCS (2011), Cameroon Business Climate Survey 2011, Ministry of Economy and Territorial Planning, Cameroon. ISSN: 2201-6333 (Print) ISSN: 2201-6740 (Online) www.ijern.com
Becker G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal 75(299): 493-517.
Berger A. N. and Udell G. F. (2002). Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: the Importance of Bank Organizational Structure, The Economic Journal, vol. 112, pp. 32-53.
Blau D F and Grossberg J A. (1990). Maternal labour supply and children's cognitive Development; National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper No. 3536
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Casson, M.C. (2003). Information and organization: A New perspective on the Theory of the Firm, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
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De Aghion, A. B. and Morduch, J. (2005). The Economics of Microfinance, the MT Press, USA.
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Ekpe, I, Binti Mat, N and Razak C., R. (2010). “The Effect of Microfinance Factors on Women Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Nigeria: A Conceptual Framework”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 1 No. 2; November 2010.
Epo, B.N. (2012). Implications of Access to Microcredit and Social Capital for Female Entrepreneurship in Cameroon. ICBE-RF Research Report No. 39/12.
Filmer, D. and L. Pritchett (1998). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: An application of educational enrollment in states of India. 1998, The World Bank.
Frijters P, David W. Johnston, Manisha Shah and Michael A. Shields. (2008). To Work or Not to Work? Child Development and Maternal Labor Supply. November, 2008
Gartner, W. B. (1985). “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation”. Academy of Management Review, 10: 696.
Hanifan, L. J. (1916). "The Rural School Community Center." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 67:130-138. .
Hugon P. (1993). L'économie de l'Afrique, La Découverte, coll. Repères, Paris.
ILO and Ministry of Industry and Trade, SME Section. (2003). Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprise in Africa, Tanzanian Women Entrepreneurs: Going for Growth, Apr. (Geneva).
Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepeneurship. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Putnam, R (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics 28, 664–683.
Roomi M A. (2005). “Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan: Profile, Challenges and Practical Recommendations”. University of London, School of Management, 2005.
Shane, S. and Ventakanen S (2000). ‘Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities' Organizational Science, 11 (4): 448-469.
World Bank (2009). Measuring social capital: An Integreted Questionnaire (World Bank Working Paper No. 18). Washington, DC:
Angrist J D and Imbens W. N (1995). “Children and their parents' labour supply: Evidence from exogenous variation in family size”, The American Economic Review, 88 (3), 450-477.
Asselin L and Tuan V (2005). forthcoming, Multidimensional Poverty and Multiple Correspondance Analysis, in N. Kakwani and J. Silber, Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, London, Palgrave-Macmillan.
Ayidi, G., (2003). Capital social entrepreneurial, performance de l'entreprise et accès aux ressources externes, XIIème Conférence de l'Association Internationale de Management Stratégique.
Baker, T., and Nelson, R. (2005). “Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 329-366.
BCCS (2011), Cameroon Business Climate Survey 2011, Ministry of Economy and Territorial Planning, Cameroon. ISSN: 2201-6333 (Print) ISSN: 2201-6740 (Online) www.ijern.com
Becker G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal 75(299): 493-517.
Berger A. N. and Udell G. F. (2002). Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: the Importance of Bank Organizational Structure, The Economic Journal, vol. 112, pp. 32-53.
Blau D F and Grossberg J A. (1990). Maternal labour supply and children's cognitive Development; National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper No. 3536
Bradley S., Alkan S., Salvi, A. (2012). “The effects of venture capitalists on the governance of firms.” Corporate Governance: An International Review 20, 21–45.
Casson, M.C. (2003). Information and organization: A New perspective on the Theory of the Firm, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Coleman, J. (1990). The Foundation of Social Theory. Cambridge, Havard University Press
Cunha, M. P. (2007). “Entrepreneurship as decision-making: Rational, intuitive and improvisational approaches”. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 15 (1), 1-20.
De Aghion, A. B. and Morduch, J. (2005). The Economics of Microfinance, the MT Press, USA.
Deepa Narayan and Lant Pritchett. (1996). “Cents and Sociability: Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania”. Policy Research Working Paper 1796, Washington, DC: The World Bank..
Ekpe, I, Binti Mat, N and Razak C., R. (2010). “The Effect of Microfinance Factors on Women Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Nigeria: A Conceptual Framework”. International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 1 No. 2; November 2010.
Epo, B.N. (2012). Implications of Access to Microcredit and Social Capital for Female Entrepreneurship in Cameroon. ICBE-RF Research Report No. 39/12.
Filmer, D. and L. Pritchett (1998). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: An application of educational enrollment in states of India. 1998, The World Bank.
Frijters P, David W. Johnston, Manisha Shah and Michael A. Shields. (2008). To Work or Not to Work? Child Development and Maternal Labor Supply. November, 2008
Gartner, W. B. (1985). “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation”. Academy of Management Review, 10: 696.
Hanifan, L. J. (1916). "The Rural School Community Center." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 67:130-138. .
Hugon P. (1993). L'économie de l'Afrique, La Découverte, coll. Repères, Paris.
ILO and Ministry of Industry and Trade, SME Section. (2003). Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprise in Africa, Tanzanian Women Entrepreneurs: Going for Growth, Apr. (Geneva).
Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepeneurship. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Putnam, R (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics 28, 664–683.
Roomi M A. (2005). “Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan: Profile, Challenges and Practical Recommendations”. University of London, School of Management, 2005.
Shane, S. and Ventakanen S (2000). ‘Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities' Organizational Science, 11 (4): 448-469.
World Bank (2009). Measuring social capital: An Integreted Questionnaire (World Bank Working Paper No. 18). Washington, DC: