https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/issue/feed MOTORIC 2024-06-28T06:10:00+07:00 Muchamad Arif muchamad.arif@narotama.ac.id Open Journal Systems <p>Motoric (Media of Teaching-Oriented and Children) adalah jurnal elektronik yang berisikan artikel ilmiah, hasil penelitian dan pengabdian masyarakat dengan tema pengajaran, media pembelajaran dan anak-anak. E-Jurnal ini dikelola oleh prodi PG PAUD Universitas Narotama. Jurnal ini terbit tiap 6 bulan yaitu Bulan Juni dan Desember</p> https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2402 MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF BERHITUNG MELALUI MEDIA DAKON DI TK AS-SHOLIHIN SURABAYA TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2023 2024-06-28T06:09:50+07:00 IFFAH ISTIFADAH Iffahistifadah191704@gmail.com <p><em>The background of this research is the low ability to recognize students' geometric shapes because the method used does not motivate and encourage children. This causes students to get bored in learning because the learning process in class tends to wait and children still feel shy in expressing opinions. This study aims to determine dakon media as a tool to facilitate arithmetic in Kindergarten B children. The method used is quantitative descriptive. Observations were made three times. The subjects of this study were As-Sholihin PAUD students, Keputih Village, Sukolilo District, Surabaya City for the 2022/2023 academic year with a total of 20 students. The results obtained from research based on pre-cycle observation data obtained an average learning mastery of 25% or as many as 5 children. In the first cycle, students' understanding of learning increased with mastery learning reaching an average of 45% or as many as 9 children. Getting the percentage of learning completeness in cycle II increased by 85% or as many as 17 children. So it can be concluded that the use of the demonstration method through dakon media can improve numeracy skills in As-Sholihin PAUD Keputih Village, Sukolilo District, Surabaya City for the 2022/2023 school year. Finally, the researcher suggests that teachers to improve their numeracy skills should use the demonstration method through dakon media.</em></p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Improving, counting, dakon media</em></p> 2024-06-28T00:00:00+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2403 PEMBERIAN PERLAKUAN SENSOMOTORIK TERHADAP ANAK STUNTING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF PADA TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI 2024-06-28T06:09:51+07:00 IKA RILA MAYASARI Ikayola2009@gmail.com <p><em>This research is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to produce a learning program for stunted children to improve cognitive abilities in stunted children at PAUD age. The learning program used uses a sensoromotor stimulus which is expected to be able to increase the ability of stunted children. This research was tested on six stunting children aged 4 to 6 years. This research was carried out in three meetings. This research was carried out for three months at BKB Harapan Bunda, Randu Pitu Gempol Pasuruan village. Data collection techniques carried out consisted of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that the development of stunting children's cognitive abilities by providing sensormotor stimuli can be carried out effectively. This is indicated by a moderate n-gain value, which means that there are differences in cognitive abilities before and after treatment.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Quantitative, Stunted, Kognitive Ability</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:31:47+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2410 Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing Bermedia Kartu Bergambar Terhadap Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Anak Kelompok B 2024-06-28T06:09:52+07:00 Ainur Fitriani ainurfitriani.af@gmail.com Fitri Rofiyarti fitri.rofiyarti@narotama.ac.id <p>Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya tingkat penguasaan materi anak terhadap pembelajaran karena pembelajaran masih menggunakan metode konvensional dan media pembelajaran yang kurang menarik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ada atau tidaknya pengaruh model pembelajaran snowball throwing bermedia kartu bergambar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan anak kelompok B.</p> <p>Penelitian eksperimen ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian pre-eksperimental design menggunakan one group pre-test post-test design, dengan populasi yang diambil adalah anak kelompok B yang berjumlah 17 anak di TK Putra Harapan. Sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan nonprobability sampling yang berupa sampling purposive. Penelitian menggunakan teknis pengumpulan data observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan tabel penolong <em>Wilcoxom Match Pairs Test.</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:32:44+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2411 MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA 4-5 TAHUN MELALUI ORIGAMI DI PPT MAWAR IV AL-AMIN SURABAYA 2024-06-28T06:09:52+07:00 Nur Diah nurdiah218@gmail.com Varia Virdania Virdaus varia.virdaus@narotama.ac.id <p><strong>ABSRTAK</strong></p> <p>Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak usia 4-5 tahun melalui origami. Metode pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi dan dokumentasi. Observasi dilakukan untuk mengamati secara langsung kegiatan belajar anak saat melipat di sekolah. Subjek penelitian ini adalah anak kelompok B dengan jumlah 7 anak yang terdiri dari 3 anak laki-laki dan 4 anak perempuan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut, pada pra-tindakan nilai persentase ketuntasan 28,58% melalui origami terdapat peningkatan kemampuan motorik halus anak disetiap siklusnya, ini bisa dibuktikan dengan nilai persentase pada siklus I sebesar 57,15% dan mengalami peningkatan pada siklus II sebesar 85,72% sehingga pada siklus II dinyatakan berhasil karena sudah mencapai indikator keberhasilan.</p> 2024-06-28T05:34:51+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2424 Penggunaan Media Tangram Dalam Mengenalkan Bentuk Geometri Pada Kelompok A Di Tk Islam Terpadu Wildani ( Studi Kasus) 2024-06-28T06:09:52+07:00 Nur Zunita nurzunita86@gmail.com Muchamad Arif muchamad.arif@narotama.ac.id <h1>ABSTRACT</h1> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>This research focuses on improving early childhood cognitive abilities in recognizing geometric shapes through a tangram media approach. Conducted at the Faculty of Education, Narotama University Surabaya, this case study research involved three participants aged 4-5 years. Qualitative research methods were used with observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results show that the use of tangram media in learning effectively improves children's understanding of geometric shapes. The practical implication is the need for collaboration between teachers and parents in helping children's cognitive development through this approach. This research has the potential to enrich early childhood education strategies with the tangram media approach.</p> <p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>geometric shapes, tangrams, early childhood.</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:35:48+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2412 Penerapan Media Jam Pintar Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Suku Kata Pada Kelompok B Di TK Terpadu Alkhairiyah Surabaya Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023 2024-06-28T06:09:53+07:00 Sulis Widiyanti suliswidiyanti29@gmail.com Varia virdania Virdaus varia.virdaus@narotama.ac.id <p>This research was motivated by students' ability to read syllables is still low, 36% of students still have difficulty in distinguishing letters. The purpose of this study is to improve the ability to read syllables with the application of smart watch media. This type of research is a classroom action research using the research subjects of group B students of Alkhairiyah Integrated Kindergarten for the 2022/2023 academic year as many as 21 students consisting of 12 boys and 9 girls, data obtained through preobservation. Data collection techniques through observation, tests and documentation. The study was conducted in 2 cycles, each cycle consisted of 2 meetings. The results of the study obtained the average completeness of the ability to read syllables with smart watch media in the precycle 36%, cycle 1 children's ability increased 47% and after action was carried out in cycle 2 even more increased the average completeness of 81%.&nbsp;</p> 2024-06-28T05:36:49+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2454 UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK HALUS PADA ANAK USIA 3 - 4 TAHUN MELALUI PERMAINAN CONGKLAK KREASI DI PPT DAHLIA I SURABAYA 2024-06-28T06:09:53+07:00 Pujiati Pujiati spujiati926@gmail.com Anisa Yunitasari anisabili@gmail.com <h1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;ABSTRAK</h1> <p><strong>Pujiati</strong><strong>, 05119018. Upaya Meningkatkan Perkembangan Motorik Halus Pada Anak Usia 3-4 Tahun Melalui Permainan Congklak Kreasi di PPT Dahlia I Surabaya</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak usia 3-4 tahun melalui permainan tradisional congklak kreasi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi dan hasil tes. Analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar &nbsp;observasi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah guru dan murid di PPT Dahlia I yang berusia 3-4 tahun dengan jumlah 17 anak dari 24 anak yang terdiri 6 anak laki-laki dan 11 anak perempuan dan 2 orang guru.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keterampilan motorik halus anak usia 3-4 tahun di PPT Dahlia I dilakukan 6 kali pertemuan. Pada siklus I terdapat 9 orang anak yang tergolong kriteria mulai berkembang (60%) dan 4 orang anak yang tergolong kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan (40%), pada siklus II terdapat 7 orang anak yang tergolong kriteria mulai berkembang (46,67%) dan 8 orang anak yang tergolong kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan (54%). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan &nbsp;keterampilan motorik halus anak usia 3-4 tahun di PPT Dahlia I Surabaya sesuai dengan teori Hurlock: (1978.13) bahwa anak di usia 3-6 tahun merupakan periode sensitif atau masa peka anak . Kriteria mulai berkembang sebanyak 1 orang (6%), sedangkan kriteria berkembang sesuai harapan sebanyak 16 orang anak (40%). Namun belum ada anak yang memperoleh kriteria belum berkembang dan berkembang sangat baik.</p> 2024-06-28T05:38:06+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2442 MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS ANAK MELALUI KEGIATAN FINGER PAINTING DENGAN MEDIA TOTEBAG DI POS PAUD MAHA SURABAYA 2024-06-28T06:09:54+07:00 henny widianti hennywidi2006@gmail.com fitri Rofiyarti fitri.rofiyarti@narotama.ac.id <p>This study aims to increase children's creativity through finger painting activities using tote bag media at Maha PAUD Surabaya. Finger painting activities aim to explore and develop imagination and expression through moving the fingers through painting/drawing, color recognition and cultivating a sense of beauty, furthermore through training body muscle movements.</p> <p>This study used Classroom Action Research (PTK), which is based on the Kemmis and Mc Taggart theoretical models. The subjects of this study consisted of 22 students of class B at Maha Paud, Surabaya. The data collection techniques that used in this study was observation and documentation. Researcher used a quantitative approach method to analyze the data. The criterion for the success of this research is if the creative ability is in the BSB criteria (Very Well Developed), or with a value range of 76 – 100%.</p> <p>The result showed that children's creativity increased after the action was carried out through finger painting activities, which provided opportunities for them to make their own project with their own willingness. This enhancement can be seen from the data on the average percentage value in Pre-action indicated that the percentage of children's creativity is 28,79 %. In Cycle I, the percentage of children's creativity increased to 42,42 %. And in Cycle II the percentage of children's creativity increased to 81,81 %. It can be said that this research was successful because the percentage has reached the specified number.</p> 2024-06-28T05:39:03+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2665 PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PjBL) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA DINI DI KELAS TK B SEKOLAH KB-TK DAPENA SURABAYA 2024-06-28T06:09:55+07:00 noviantinus rafka noviantinusrfk@gmail.com Muchamad Arif muchamad.arif@narotama.ac.id <p>This research aims to increase creativity in early childhood with project learning. The method used in this research is qualitative research using interview and documentation methods. This research aims to describe the application of the project based learning method and student creativity after participating in project based learning. This research was carried out at the Dapena KB-TK school, Surabaya and the subjects of this research were the Class Teacher and Kindergarten B class students. The results of this research were that the teacher designed learning activities using the project based learning method through playing, telling stories and discussing activities according to predetermined themes. determined, and the learning support media uses loose parts so that students are enthusiastic about learning. The influence of project based learning on student creativity includes students not getting bored easily, being interested in creative activities, having high curiosity, self-confidence, daring to take risks, being open to new things, being imaginative, tolerant, and having responsibility.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Early childhood, Project based learning, creativity</p> 2024-06-28T05:40:05+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2670 ANALISIS MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS INTERNET UNTUK PERKEMBANGAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF PADA ANAK USIA 4 -5 TAHUN 2024-06-28T06:09:55+07:00 Citra Nadhisa Arundhati citranadhisa890@gmail.com Sugito Muzaqi sugito.muzaqi@narotama.ac.id <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisa proses pemanfaatan media pembelajaran berbasis internet untuk perkembangan kemampuan kognitif pada anak usia 4-5 tahun. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi dan dokumentasi. Observasi yang dilakukan untuk mengamati proses pemanfaatan media pembelajaran berbasis internet untuk perkembangan kemampuan kognitif pada anak usia 4-5 tahun . Hasil penelitian observasi yang dilakukan adalah KB Aisyiah 12 Surabaya tidak cukup memiliki sarana media pembelajaran berbasis&nbsp; internet yang memadai. Selain itu, guru – guru di KB Aisyiah 12 Surabaya juga masih belum bisa mengoperasikan media berbasis internet. Dengan adanya penerapan model pembelajaran berbasis internet ini,&nbsp; anak-anak terbantu dalam perkembangan kemampuan kognitif (penalaran).</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci : </strong><em>Media Pembelajaran, Internet, Kognitif</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:42:28+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2797 ANALISIS PRAKTEK SHARENTING SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN SELF ESTEEM PADA IBU MUDA 2024-06-28T06:09:55+07:00 Ummi Masrufah Maulidiyah ummimasrufah@um-surabaya.ac.id andini dwi arumsari andini.dwiarumsari@yahoo.com <p><em>The research was conducted to understand how the need for appreciation or self-esteem is a factor for young mothers in practicing sharenting and to find out how the phenomenon of sharenting itself generally occurs in various countries in the world. Sharenting itself is a combination of two words, "parenting" and "sharing". Included in the practice of sharenting include sharing photos, videos, personal stories or other novelties related to children's activities such as eating, bathing, and play (Healthcare Basel, 2023). A person must fulfill these needs from the most basic, namely physiological needs, continuing the need for security, then the need for belonging and love, then the need for appreciation or self-esteem and the highest is the need for self-actualization. The research method used in this journal article is descriptive research. Descriptive research aims to systematically and accurately describe facts and characteristics</em> <em>about the population or about a particular field. The results of the study contain research data that is relevant to the goals of the final project and knows the phenomenon of sharenting in various countries. The high number of internet users around the world makes it massive for someone to share an activity or something they want to share on social media, of the 173.59 million Indonesian population are Instagram users with an achievement of 84.80% in 2023 and are more dominated by Gen Z at 27.9% and the millennial generation at 25.87% (Pangudi &amp; Yusriana, 2023) and information distribution through Facebook reaches 5.02 million status updates per day and Twitter activity reaches 7.35 million tweets or retweets per day.</em></p> <p><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> Sharenting, self esteem, young mother</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:44:10+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2414 Improving Counting Ability 1-20 in Kindergarten B Children Through Number Plate Media at Yasuka III Kindergarten Surabaya 2024-06-28T06:09:56+07:00 Utamiati Utamiati utamiati0@gmail.com Varia Virdania Virdaus varia.virdaus@narotama.ac.id <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The development of learning models needs to be done to increase students' understanding and increase creativity in solving problems in the learning process. This study aims to improve numeracy skills in Kindergarten B class children by using paper plates and clothespins as learning media at Yasuka III Kindergarten Surabaya. This research method uses classroom action research with observational data collection techniques, interviews, and documentation studies. The results in this study after 2 class actions were carried out. The ability to recognize the concept of numbers 1-20 in the Pre-Cycle, there were 3 children (20%) increased to 6 children (40%) in Cycle I, and in Cycle II there were 12 children (80%) . The ability to count many objects 1-20 in the Pre Cycle there were 4 children (26.6%) increased to 8 children (53.3%) in Cycle I, and in Cycle II there were 12 children (80%). And the ability to write numbers 1-20 in the Pre Cycle there were 6 children (40%) increased to 10 children (66.6%) in Cycle I, and in Cycle II there were 13 children (86.6%). There is an increase in numeracy skills in class B with paper plates in the experiments that have been carried out.</span></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Numeracy Skills, Kindergarten B Children, Number Plates</span></em></p> 2024-06-28T05:45:13+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2405 Meningkatkan Literasi Membaca Anak Usia Dini Dengan Syllabic Method Pada Kelompok B Tk Riverside 2024-06-28T06:09:58+07:00 Siti Anisyah anisacokelatqu@gmail.com Anisa Yunita Sari anisa.yunita@narotama.ac.id <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p>This research is motivated by the results of observations made that the existing learning methods are still lacking or have not found the right methods and media for children's reading literacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in early childhood reading literacy with the syllabic method in group B Tk Riverside Surabaya. This research is a type of Classroom Action Research with data collection techniques through observation. The research subjects were teachers and students in group B Kindergarten Riverside with a total of 19 consisting of 9 girls and 10 boys. Data collection techniques through observation and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique was carried out by grouping the child's activity data. The results of the research in cycle I showed that there were still 2 children who were lacking in reading literacy and 13 children who were sufficient in reading literacy. The results of the study in cycle II showed that many children were in the very good and good category as expected. Based on data analysis, it is known that there has been an increase in early childhood reading literacy skills through the syllabic method from cycle I and cycle II.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Reading literacy, early childhood, <em>syllabic method</em><a title="Meningkatkan Literasi Membaca Anak Usia Dini Dengan Syllabic Method Pada Kelompok B Tk Riverside Surabaya" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BFO3gqpF6G7z0sHLtL1PH4-iGjU3C1Yh/edit?usp=drive_link&amp;ouid=117551436141026629207&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BFO3gqpF6G7z0sHLtL1PH4-iGjU3C1Yh/edit?usp=drive_link&amp;ouid=117551436141026629207&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true</a></p> 2024-06-28T05:47:55+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2798 ALAT PERMAINAN EDUKATIF “GUESS OUR GALAXY” UNTUK MELATIH KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK HALUS, DAYA INGAT, DAN KOGNITIF PADA SISWA PAUD 2024-06-28T06:09:59+07:00 Dzulkifli Dzulkifli dzulkifli@um-surabaya.ac.id andini dwi arumsari andini.dwiarumsari@yahoo.com Ummi Masrufah Maulidiyah ummimasrufah@um-surabaya.ac.id <p><em>Guess Our galaxy is an Educational Game Tool that was created to help Early Childhood to train basic skills in cognitive, memory, and cognitive. This research uses an experimental research type with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation and interviews with educators. This research was conducted at TK Aisyiyah 20 Kreatif Surabaya which is located on JL. Baratajaya VII/17 Surabaya, Baratajaya, Kec. Gubeng, City of Surabaya Prov. East Java. The subjects in this study were 32 students who were divided into 2 classes, namely the Rabit class with 18 students and the Tiger class with 18 students. From 32 subjects we took 2 students for further observation. Guess Our Galaxy has several stages in learning that present materials, quizzes, and practices that are expected to help train students' cognitive, memory, and fine motor skills. Educational Game Tools that have been given to the subject can be said to have succeeded in making students more interested in learning and arousing students' curiosity. The results of research conducted by researchers show that the educational game Guess Our Galaxy can help train the subject's cognitive, memory, and motor skills.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Educational game tools, cognitive ability, memory, and fine motor skills</em></p> 2024-06-28T05:48:50+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://jurnal.narotama.ac.id/index.php/paudmotoric/article/view/2413 METODE PEMBIASAAN DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN KEMANDIRIAN ANAK DI TK ASH SHOLIHIN SURABAYA TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2023 2024-06-28T06:09:59+07:00 Luluk Masluchah abrisamtsaniy@gmail.com <p>This research is based on pre-observations in the field, namely interviews with several parents of students, there are still many children who are still carrying out activities assisted by their parents, for example homework from schools that are done by parents. The purpose of this study is to develop early childhood independence in Ash Sholihin Kindergarten by using the habituation method. The research conducted is a type of descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The independence of children in Ash Sholihin Kindergarten is developed through habituation methods which are carried out continuously. The method that can support children's independence is the habituation method. With the use of this habituation method, the independence of children in Ash Sholihin Kindergarten has started to develop. This can be seen from the daily life of children at school, throwing trash in its place, wearing their own shoes without the help of the teacher, eating alone without the help of others, daring to come to school alone without being watched over. by his parents.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> 2024-06-28T05:52:48+07:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement##