Digital Transformation and Operational Productivity of Maritime Transport Enterprises: Evidence from Global and Indonesian Contexts
Keywords:
digital transformation, maritime management, operational productivity, green supply chains, smart port systems
Abstract
This study examines the influence of digital transformation on the operational productivity of maritime transport enterprises, integrating both global evidence and Indonesian maritime sector data. Using panel data from 58 maritime companies over 2018–2024, we apply quantitative regression analyses to assess the elasticity between digital integration and key operational outcomes, including fuel efficiency, voyage duration, and port turnaround time. The results indicate a significant positive elasticity of 0.42 between digitalization indices—encompassing blockchain-based logistics, artificial intelligence-assisted scheduling, and smart gate systems—and productivity growth. Firms adopting advanced digital tools demonstrate a 15–22 percent improvement in energy cost efficiency and a 10–14 percent reduction in carbon emissions, corroborating literature on maritime decarbonization, green supply chains, and smart port operations. Moreover, mediation analyses reveal that digital maturity significantly enhances the effectiveness of fuel management and scheduling systems, while robust governance and risk management frameworks amplify these effects. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and maritime managers seeking to enhance sustainable operational performance through structured digital adoption.
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References
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Deja, A., Ulewicz, R. & Kyrychenko, Y. (2021) ‘Analysis and assessment of environmental threats in maritime transport’, Transportation Research Procedia, 55, pp. 1073–1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.078
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Dimakis, G.R., Tsironis, G., Tsagarakis, K.P. & Marinakis, Y. (2025) ‘A textual analytics approach to sustainable supply chain dynamics in European maritime logistics’, Supply Chain Analytics, 12, 100163. DOI: 10.1016/j.sca.2025.100163
Dragovi?, A., Zrni?, N., Dragovi?, B. & Dulebenets, M.A. (2024) ‘A comprehensive review of maritime bibliometric studies (2014–2024)’, Ocean Engineering, 311(2), 118917. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118917
Elgharbi, S.E. et al. (2025) ‘Maritime monitoring through LoRaWAN: Resilient decentralised mesh networks for enhanced data transmission’, Computer Communications, 241, 108276. DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2025.108276
Fadiga, A., Ferreira, L.M.D.F. & Bigotte, J.F. (2024) ‘Decarbonising maritime ports: A systematic review of the literature and insights for new research opportunities’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142209
Filina-Dawidowicz, L., Filin, S., Wojnicz, L., Mi?ek, D. & Grzelak, P. (2022) ‘Energy-efficient maritime transport of refrigerated containers’, Procedia Computer Science, 207, pp. 3572–3581. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.416
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Jannelli, E. et al. (2023) ‘Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation’, Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Janmethakulwat, A. & Thanasopon, B. (2024) ‘Digital technology adoption and institutionalization in Thai maritime industry: An exploratory study of the Thai shipowners’, The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 40(3), pp. 157–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2024.08.001
Kar, M., Kunnath, R. & Iyyappan, K.T.M. (2025) ‘Maritime route extraction with proximity filtering and clustering for ship trajectories’, Procedia Computer Science, 260, pp. 734–741. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2025.03.253
Karakasnaki, M., Pantouvakis, A. & Vlachos, I. (2023) ‘Maritime social sustainability: Conceptualization and scale development’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 121, 103804. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103804
Kristiyanti, M. & Samekto, A.A. (2020) ‘Development of risk management model in maritime industry’, Calitatea, 21(178), pp. 122–127.
Lind, M., Hägg, M., Siwe, U. & Haraldson, S. (2016) ‘Sea traffic management – Beneficial for all maritime stakeholders’, Transportation Research Procedia, 14, pp. 183–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.054
Maternová, A. & Materna, M. (2023) ‘Research of maritime accidents based on HFACS framework’, Transportation Research Procedia, 74, pp. 1224–1231. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.265
Peri?in, L. & Grbi?, L. (2025) ‘The influence of the Port of Gaženica on the development of maritime infrastructure of Zadar County’, Transportation Research Procedia, 83, pp. 219–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.030
Perna, A. et al. (2023) ‘Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation’, Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Pranata, A. et al. (2025) ‘Degradation of aluminum-based metal in maritime operations: A review of corrosion and welding joint’, Procedia Structural Integrity, 72, pp. 383–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2025.08.118
Samekto, A.A. (2019) ‘Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keselamatan pelayaran kapal penangkap ikan di Pelabuhan Tasikagung Rembang’, Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Maritim, 19(2), pp. 196–202.
Samekto, A.A. (1996) Analisis optimasi peralatan bongkar muat peti kemas di Unit Terminal Peti Kemas Tanjung Emas Semarang. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Diponegoro.
Samekto, A.A. & Setyowati, D. (2002) ‘Port as one sub-system of the total transportation system’, Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi, 3(2), pp. 359–364.
Samekto, A.A. & Mulatsih, R. (2022) ‘Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan dan penggunaan sistem e-ticket pada PO Bus Haryanto’, Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen, 1(1), pp. 11–20.
Samekto, A.A. & Soejanto, S. (2014) ‘Peningkatan kinerja perusahaan ekspedisi muatan kapal laut melalui diversifikasi usaha’, Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog), 1(1), pp. 1–14.
Samekto, A.A. (2022) ‘Green supply chains and sustainable maritime transportation in Covid-19 pandemic’, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7, pp. 1512–1517.
Szczepa?ska-Przekota, A. & Przekota, G. (2024) ‘Macroeconomic determinants of maritime transport development – VAR models for the Polish economy’, Procedia Computer Science, 246, pp. 4769–4778. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.342
Taghavi, A., Niknam, T., Gitizadeh, M. & Shojaeiyan, S. (2025) ‘Techno-economic assessment of coordinated energy management in multi-vector systems: Cost-effective integration of underground storage and AI-based maritime scheduling’, Energy Conversion and Management, 346, 120422. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120422
Zhang, Z. et al. (2024) ‘Digitalization and innovation in green ports: A review of current issues, contributions and the way forward in promoting sustainable ports and maritime logistics’, Science of The Total Environment, 912, 169075. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169075
?
References
Buonomano, A., Del Papa, G., Giuzio, G.F., Maka, R., Palombo, A., 2023. Advancing sustainability in the maritime sector: energy design and optimization of large ships through information modelling and dynamic simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 235, 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121359
Deja, A., Ulewicz, R., Kyrychenko, Y., 2021. Analysis and assessment of environmental threats in maritime transport. Transportation Research Procedia, 55, 1073-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.078
Fadiga, A., Ferreira, L.M.D.F., Bigotte, J.F., 2024. Decarbonising maritime ports: A systematic review of the literature and insights for new research opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142209
Kaklis, D., Varlamis, I., Giannakopoulos, G., Varelas, T.J., Spyropoulos, C.D., 2023. Enabling digital twins in the maritime sector through the lens of AI and industry 4.0. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3(2), 100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100178
Perna, A., Jannelli, E., Di Micco, S., Romano, F., Minutillo, M., 2023. Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation. Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Samekto, A.A., 1996. Analisis Optimasi Peralatan Bongkar Muat Peti Kemas di Unit Terminal Peti Kemas Tanjung Emas Semarang. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Diponegoro.
Sullivan, B.P., Desai, S., Sole, J., Rossi, M., Ramundo, L., Terzi, S., 2020. Maritime 4.0 – Opportunities in Digitalization and Advanced Manufacturing for Vessel Development. Procedia Manufacturing, 42, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.078
Surucu-Balci, E., Iris, C., Balci, G., 2024. Digital information in maritime supply chains with blockchain and cloud platforms: Supply chain capabilities, barriers, and research opportunities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 122978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122978
Zhang, Z., Song, C., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Liu, M., Aziz, F., Kurniawan, T.A., Yap, P.S., 2024. Digitalization and innovation in green ports: A review of current issues, contributions and the way forward in promoting sustainable ports and maritime logistics. Science of The Total Environment, 912, 169075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169075
Al-Okaily, M., Younis, H. & Al-Okaily, A. (2024) ‘The impact of management practices and industry 4.0 technologies on supply chain sustainability: A systematic review’, Heliyon, 10(17), e36421. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36421
Bourzak, I. et al. (2025) ‘Predicting vessel speed over ground: A machine learning approach for enhancing maritime transport’, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 59(10), pp. 1065–1070. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.09.180
Buonomano, A., Del Papa, G., Giuzio, G.F., Maka, R. & Palombo, A. (2023) ‘Advancing sustainability in the maritime sector: Energy design and optimization of large ships through information modelling and dynamic simulation’, Applied Thermal Engineering, 235, 121359. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121359
Caballini, C., Russo, A., Olivari, E. & Campisi, T. (2025) ‘Maritime passenger transport in the Ligurian-Tyrrhenian basin of Italy: Some considerations regarding their centrality’, Transportation Research Procedia, 90, pp. 935–942. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.06.020
Deja, A., Ulewicz, R. & Kyrychenko, Y. (2021) ‘Analysis and assessment of environmental threats in maritime transport’, Transportation Research Procedia, 55, pp. 1073–1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.078
Diaz, R. et al. (2024) ‘Applications of AI/ML in maritime cyber supply chains’, Procedia Computer Science, 232, pp. 3247–3257. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.140
Dimakis, G.R., Tsironis, G., Tsagarakis, K.P. & Marinakis, Y. (2025) ‘A textual analytics approach to sustainable supply chain dynamics in European maritime logistics’, Supply Chain Analytics, 12, 100163. DOI: 10.1016/j.sca.2025.100163
Dragovi?, A., Zrni?, N., Dragovi?, B. & Dulebenets, M.A. (2024) ‘A comprehensive review of maritime bibliometric studies (2014–2024)’, Ocean Engineering, 311(2), 118917. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118917
Elgharbi, S.E. et al. (2025) ‘Maritime monitoring through LoRaWAN: Resilient decentralised mesh networks for enhanced data transmission’, Computer Communications, 241, 108276. DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2025.108276
Fadiga, A., Ferreira, L.M.D.F. & Bigotte, J.F. (2024) ‘Decarbonising maritime ports: A systematic review of the literature and insights for new research opportunities’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142209
Filina-Dawidowicz, L., Filin, S., Wojnicz, L., Mi?ek, D. & Grzelak, P. (2022) ‘Energy-efficient maritime transport of refrigerated containers’, Procedia Computer Science, 207, pp. 3572–3581. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.416
Gu, B., Liu, J. & Chen, J. (2023) ‘Scenario-based strategies evaluation for the maritime supply chain resilience’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 124, 103948. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103948
Hamidi, S.M.M. et al. (2024) ‘A three-stage digital maturity model to assess readiness for blockchain implementation in the maritime logistics industry’, Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 41, 100643. DOI: 10.1016/j.jii.2024.100643
Jannelli, E. et al. (2023) ‘Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation’, Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Janmethakulwat, A. & Thanasopon, B. (2024) ‘Digital technology adoption and institutionalization in Thai maritime industry: An exploratory study of the Thai shipowners’, The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 40(3), pp. 157–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2024.08.001
Kar, M., Kunnath, R. & Iyyappan, K.T.M. (2025) ‘Maritime route extraction with proximity filtering and clustering for ship trajectories’, Procedia Computer Science, 260, pp. 734–741. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2025.03.253
Karakasnaki, M., Pantouvakis, A. & Vlachos, I. (2023) ‘Maritime social sustainability: Conceptualization and scale development’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 121, 103804. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103804
Kristiyanti, M. & Samekto, A.A. (2020) ‘Development of risk management model in maritime industry’, Calitatea, 21(178), pp. 122–127.
Lind, M., Hägg, M., Siwe, U. & Haraldson, S. (2016) ‘Sea traffic management – Beneficial for all maritime stakeholders’, Transportation Research Procedia, 14, pp. 183–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.054
Maternová, A. & Materna, M. (2023) ‘Research of maritime accidents based on HFACS framework’, Transportation Research Procedia, 74, pp. 1224–1231. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.265
Peri?in, L. & Grbi?, L. (2025) ‘The influence of the Port of Gaženica on the development of maritime infrastructure of Zadar County’, Transportation Research Procedia, 83, pp. 219–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2025.02.030
Perna, A. et al. (2023) ‘Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation’, Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Pranata, A. et al. (2025) ‘Degradation of aluminum-based metal in maritime operations: A review of corrosion and welding joint’, Procedia Structural Integrity, 72, pp. 383–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2025.08.118
Samekto, A.A. (2019) ‘Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keselamatan pelayaran kapal penangkap ikan di Pelabuhan Tasikagung Rembang’, Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Maritim, 19(2), pp. 196–202.
Samekto, A.A. (1996) Analisis optimasi peralatan bongkar muat peti kemas di Unit Terminal Peti Kemas Tanjung Emas Semarang. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Diponegoro.
Samekto, A.A. & Setyowati, D. (2002) ‘Port as one sub-system of the total transportation system’, Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi, 3(2), pp. 359–364.
Samekto, A.A. & Mulatsih, R. (2022) ‘Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan dan penggunaan sistem e-ticket pada PO Bus Haryanto’, Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen, 1(1), pp. 11–20.
Samekto, A.A. & Soejanto, S. (2014) ‘Peningkatan kinerja perusahaan ekspedisi muatan kapal laut melalui diversifikasi usaha’, Jurnal Manajemen Transportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog), 1(1), pp. 1–14.
Samekto, A.A. (2022) ‘Green supply chains and sustainable maritime transportation in Covid-19 pandemic’, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7, pp. 1512–1517.
Szczepa?ska-Przekota, A. & Przekota, G. (2024) ‘Macroeconomic determinants of maritime transport development – VAR models for the Polish economy’, Procedia Computer Science, 246, pp. 4769–4778. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.342
Taghavi, A., Niknam, T., Gitizadeh, M. & Shojaeiyan, S. (2025) ‘Techno-economic assessment of coordinated energy management in multi-vector systems: Cost-effective integration of underground storage and AI-based maritime scheduling’, Energy Conversion and Management, 346, 120422. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120422
Zhang, Z. et al. (2024) ‘Digitalization and innovation in green ports: A review of current issues, contributions and the way forward in promoting sustainable ports and maritime logistics’, Science of The Total Environment, 912, 169075. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169075
?
References
Buonomano, A., Del Papa, G., Giuzio, G.F., Maka, R., Palombo, A., 2023. Advancing sustainability in the maritime sector: energy design and optimization of large ships through information modelling and dynamic simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 235, 121359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121359
Deja, A., Ulewicz, R., Kyrychenko, Y., 2021. Analysis and assessment of environmental threats in maritime transport. Transportation Research Procedia, 55, 1073-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.078
Fadiga, A., Ferreira, L.M.D.F., Bigotte, J.F., 2024. Decarbonising maritime ports: A systematic review of the literature and insights for new research opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142209
Kaklis, D., Varlamis, I., Giannakopoulos, G., Varelas, T.J., Spyropoulos, C.D., 2023. Enabling digital twins in the maritime sector through the lens of AI and industry 4.0. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3(2), 100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100178
Perna, A., Jannelli, E., Di Micco, S., Romano, F., Minutillo, M., 2023. Designing, sizing and economic feasibility of a green hydrogen supply chain for maritime transportation. Energy Conversion and Management, 278, 116702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116702
Samekto, A.A., 1996. Analisis Optimasi Peralatan Bongkar Muat Peti Kemas di Unit Terminal Peti Kemas Tanjung Emas Semarang. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Diponegoro.
Sullivan, B.P., Desai, S., Sole, J., Rossi, M., Ramundo, L., Terzi, S., 2020. Maritime 4.0 – Opportunities in Digitalization and Advanced Manufacturing for Vessel Development. Procedia Manufacturing, 42, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.078
Surucu-Balci, E., Iris, C., Balci, G., 2024. Digital information in maritime supply chains with blockchain and cloud platforms: Supply chain capabilities, barriers, and research opportunities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 122978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122978
Zhang, Z., Song, C., Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Liu, M., Aziz, F., Kurniawan, T.A., Yap, P.S., 2024. Digitalization and innovation in green ports: A review of current issues, contributions and the way forward in promoting sustainable ports and maritime logistics. Science of The Total Environment, 912, 169075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169075
Published
2025-07-31
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Articles
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